Periodic Table

The interactive periodic table below offers graphics that represent the electron orbital structures in atoms. Some structures (notably in the d– and f-block metals) are based on a new theory called Sub-Quantum Chemistry (see below), which focuses on electron and di-electron interactions. To understand more about what electrons actually are and how they interact with each other, see Understanding Electrons .

CLICK ON AN ELEMENT to view detail. (Only 1H71Lu so far.)
The KEY BELOW explains how to interpret the images & objects.


A VIDEO WALK-THRU of the 1st 10 elements is HERE

Interactive Periodic Table
1
H
hydrogen
1.008
2
He
helium
4.0026
3
Li
lithium
6.94
4
Be
beryllium
9.0122
5
B
boron
10.81
6
C
carbon
12.011
7
N
nitrogen
14.007
8
O
oxygen
15.999
9
F
fluorine
18.998
10
Ne
neon
20.180
11
Na
sodium
22.990
12
Mg
magnesium
24.305
13
Al
aluminum
26.982
14
Si
silicon
28.085
15
P
phosphorus
30.974
16
S
sulfur
32.06
17
Cl
chlorine
35.45
18
Ar
argon
39.948
19
K
potassium
39.098
20
Ca
calcium
40.078
21
Sc
scandium
44.956
22
Ti
titanium
47.867
23
V
vanadium
50.942
24
Cr
chromium
51.996
25
Mn
manganese
54.938
26
Fe
iron
55.845
27
Co
cobalt
58.933
28
Ni
nickel
58.693
29
Cu
copper
63.546
30
Zn
zinc
65.38
31
Ga
gallium
69.723
32
Ge
germanium
72.63
33
As
arsenic
74.922
34
Se
selenium
78.96
35
Br
bromine
79.904
36
Kr
krypton
83.798
37
Rb
rubidium
85.468
38
Sr
strontium
87.62
39
Y
yttrium
88.906
40
Zr
zirconium
91.224
41
Nb
niobium
92.906
42
Mo
molybdenum
95.96
43
Tc
technetium
[97.91]
44
Ru
ruthenium
101.07
45
Rh
rhodium
102.91
46
Pd
palladium
106.42
47
Ag
silver
107.87
48
Cd
cadmium
112.41
49
In
indium
114.82
50
Sn
tin
118.71
51
Sb
antimony
121.76
52
Te
tellurium
127.60
53
I
iodine
126.90
54
Xe
xenon
131.29
55
Cs
cesium
132.91
56
Ba
barium
137.33
72
Hf
hafnium
178.49
73
Ta
tantalum
180.95
74
W
tungsten
183.84
75
Re
rhenium
186.21
76
Os
osmium
190.23
77
Ir
iridium
192.22
78
Pt
platinum
195.08
79
Au
gold
196.97
80
Hg
mercury
200.59
81
Tl
thallium
204.38
82
Pb
lead
207.2
83
Bi
bismuth
208.98
84
Po
polonium
[208.98]
85
At
astatine
[209.99]
86
Rn
radon
[222.02]
87
Fr
francium
[223.02]
88
Ra
radium
[226.03]
104
Rf
rutherfordium
[265.12]
105
Db
dubnium
[268.13]
106
Sg
seaborgium
[271.13]
107
Bh
bohrium
[270]
108
Hs
hassium
[277.15]
109
Mt
meitnerium
[276.15]
110
Ds
darmstadtium
[281.16]
111
Rg
roentgenium
[280.16]
112
Cn
copernicium
[285.17]
113
Nh
nihonium
[284.18]
114
Fl
flerovium
[289.19]
115
Mc
moscovium
[288.19]
116
Lv
livermorium
[293]
117
Ts
tennessine
[294]
118
Og
oganesson
[294]
57
La
lanthanum
138.91
58
Ce
cerium
140.12
59
Pr
praseodymium
140.91
60
Nd
neodymium
144.24
61
Pm
promethium
[144.91]
62
Sm
samarium
150.36
63
Eu
europium
151.96
64
Gd
gadolinium
157.25
65
Tb
terbium
158.93
66
Dy
dysprosium
162.50
67
Ho
holmium
164.93
68
Er
erbium
167.26
69
Tm
thulium
168.93
70
Yb
ytterbium
173.05
71
Lu
lutetium
174.97
89
Ac
actinium
[227.03]
90
Th
thorium
232.04
91
Pa
protactinium
231.04
92
U
uranium
238.03
93
Np
neptunium
[237.05]
94
Pu
plutonium
[244.06]
95
Am
americium
[243.06]
96
Cm
curium
[247.07]
97
Bk
berkelium
[247.07]
98
Cf
californium
[251.08]
99
Es
einsteinium
[252.08]
100
Fm
fermium
[257.10]
101
Md
mendelevium
[258.10]
102
No
nobelium
[259.10]
103
Lr
lawrencium
[262.11]

code source: @nemophrost

Interactive Links: Orbital objects built using 3DCalcPlot can be rotated and zoomed.

KEY:

HYDROGEN (left): A lightly colored wireframe indicates a single electron in an orbital. In this case a sphere-shaped s-orbital.
HELIUM (center): A full-color wireframe indicates a pair of electrons — a di-electron. The (phase) colors are not significant, just for ease of viewing.
CARBON (right): An empty wireframe holds no electrons and shows just the outline of the (second) shell. (The inner full 1s2 shell looks the same as the helium di-electron.)


CARBON (left): Carbon has 4 unpaired 2nd shell electrons arranged in tetrahedral sp3 symmetry. The small outer spheres represent directions for the orbitals, not their shape. Only s-orbitals are actually spherical. A more realistic approach to the orbital shapes is shown on the right above.


CHEMISTRY DEFINITIONS:
Definitions of some chemistry terms can be found in the Glossary.


SOME MOLECULES & SUBSTANCES:
Dihydrogen (H2)
Water (H2O)
Sodium chloride (NaCl) — salt
Ammonia (NH3)
Methane (CH4)
Dioxygen (O2)
Ozone (O3)

CLICK TO ENLARGE: A NEW WAY to visualize the periodic table.

PERIODIC TRENDS:
Certain atomic properties vary in a roughly consistent way when we move across a period (row) or down a group (column). These include effective nuclear charge, atomic radius, ionization energy, and electronegativity:
PERIOD II
PERIOD III
GROUP I
GROUP II
GROUP VII
GROUP VIII


PLATONIC GEOMETRY:
Atomic orbitals must achieve spherical symmetry, and platonic geometry forms the foundation of such symmetry.

Click here to see an innovative lecture series on spherical and platonic geometry by Gary Doskas.


Some of the structures in this periodic table, most notably from the d– and f-block metals, represent a new conjecture that follows the Sub-Quantum Chemistry view of electron and di-electron interactions (see Understanding Electrons).

Sub-Quantum Chemistry is a new theory based upon recent advances in sub-quantum mechanics. It suggests that the quantum interactions between electrons in close proximity play a central role in determining both atomic and molecular geometry. These quantum interactions include spin-bonding, spin exclusion, field cancellation, and orbital hybridization. They yield symmetrical, phase-locked, resonant, coherent, spherically-harmonic, stationary electron waves that represent the lowest energy state of the system.

This theory seeks to account for the magnetic properties of the transition metals and rare earth metals, specifically the trends in magnetic (susceptibility) strength across the d-block (shown below) and the f-block metals. By way of example, why does scandium (Sc) have a higher paramagnetic strength with 1 unpaired electron than vanadium (V) has with 3 unpaired electrons, and why does palladium (Pd) (with supposedly no unpaired electrons) have a higher value than manganese (Mn) with 5 unpaired electrons?

Magnetic susceptibility trends for the d-block (transition) metals.

This theory also seeks to clarify the mechanism leading to paramagnetism versus that leading to ferromagnetism, based upon the electron geometry and quantum interactions occurring within atomic orbitals. In the process, this theory also seeks to account for the nature of the dicarbon (C2) molecule’s observed ‘quadruple bond,’ as well as the strong paramagnetism of the oxygen molecule (O2).


We hope you find this interactive periodic table a useful resource. Best wishes. Arnie Benn, Quicycle, CA


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